Prevent, Respond, Cooperate

FDA strategies to prevent and respond to drug shortages: finding a better way to predict and prevent company closures.

To stave off a shortage of doxorubicin in 2011 and 2012, the FDA expedited the approval of a company's unapproved manufacturing process. Paying companies sufficiently so that they can invest in their facilities when needed is just one of many steps that could be taken to rectify future shortages.

EIN3/EIL1 cooperate with PIF1 to prevent photo-oxidation and to promote greening of Arabidopsis seedlings.

The ability to switch from skotomorphogenesis to photomorphogenesis is essential for seedling development and plant survival. Recent studies revealed that COP1 and phytochrome-interacting factors (PIFs) are key regulators of this transition by repressing the photomorphogenic responses and/or maintaining the skotomorphogenic state of etiolated seedlings. Here we report that the plant hormone eth...

To Cooperate or Not to Cooperate

Coordination and Cooperation in Cyber Network Defense: the Dutch Efforts to Prevent and Respond

Effective Computer Network Defense requires close cooperation and collaboration between government and industry, science and education, national and international efforts. The Netherlands offers a concrete example of a successful public-private partnership aimed at improving overall cyber security for its society in general, including government, industry, and citizens. This requires more that ...

To Cooperate or Not to Cooperate: Why Behavioural Mechanisms Matter

Mutualistic cooperation often requires multiple individuals to behave in a coordinated fashion. Hence, while the evolutionary stability of mutualistic cooperation poses no particular theoretical difficulty, its evolutionary emergence faces a chicken and egg problem: an individual cannot benefit from cooperating unless other individuals already do so. Here, we use evolutionary robotic simulation...